嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及16何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
statesman�察�the Cardinal of Tournon�察�stood godfathers a few years later to
his twin boys�察 �and what was of still more solid worth to him�察 �Cardinal
Tournon took him to Antwerp�察�Bordeaux�察�Bayonne�察�and more than once to
Rome�察�and in these Italian journeys of his he collected many facts for the
great work of his life�察 �that ;History of Fishes; which he dedicated�察�
naturally enough�察�to the cardinal。 This book with its plates is�察�for the time�察�
a masterpiece of accuracy。 Those who are best acquainted with the
subject say�察�that it is up to the present day a key to the whole ichthyology
of the Mediterranean。 Two other men�察�Belon and Salviani�察�were then at
work on the same subject�察�and published their books almost at the same
time�察�a circumstance which caused�察�as was natural�察�a three´cornered duel
between the supporters of the three naturalists�察 �each party accusing the
other of plagiarism。 The simple fact seems to be that the almost
simultaneous appearance of the three books in 1554´55 is one of those
coincidences inevitable at moments when many minds are stirred in the
same direction by the same great thoughts coincidences which have
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happened in our own day on questions of geology�察�biology�察�and astronomy�察�
and which�察 �when the facts have been carefully examined�察 �and the first
flush of natural jealousy has cooled down�察 �have proved only that there
were more wise men than one in the world at the same time。
And this sixteenth century was an age in which the minds of men were
suddenly and strangely turned to examine the wonders of nature with an
earnestness�察�with a reverence�察�and therefore with an accuracy�察�with which
they had never been investigated before。 ;Nature�察─ �says Professor
Planchon�察 �long veiled in mysticism and scholasticism�察 �was opening up
infinite vistas。 A new superstition�察 �the exaggerated worship of the
ancients�察 �was nearly hindering this movement of thought towards facts。
Nevertheless�察 �Learning did her work。 She rediscovered�察 �reconstructed�察�
purified�察 �mented on the texts of ancient authors。 Then came in
observation�察�which showed that more was to be seen in one blade of grass
than in any page of Pliny。 Rondelet was in the middle of this crisis a man
of transition�察 �while he was one of progress。 He reflected the past�察 �he
opened and prepared the future。 If he mented on Dioscorides�察�if he
remained faithful to the theories of Galen�察 �he founded in his 'History of
Fishes' a monument which our century respects。 He is above all an
inspirer�察�an initiator�察�and if he wants one mark of the leader of a school�察�
the foundation of certain scientific doctrines�察�there is in his speech what is
better than all systems�察 �the municative power which urges a
generation of disciples along the path of independent research�察 �with
Reason for guide�察�and Faith for aim。;
Around Rondelet�察�in those years�察�sometimes indeed in his housefor
professors in those days took private pupils as lodgersworked the group
of botanists whom Linnaeus calls ;the Fathers�察─ �the authors of the
descriptive botany of the sixteenth century。 Their names�察 �and those of
their disciples and their disciples again�察�are household words in the mouth
of every gardener�察�immortalised�察�like good Bishop Pellicier�察�in the plants
that have been named after them。 The Lobelia memorates Lobel�察�
one of Rondelet's most famous pupils�察 �who wrote those ;Adversaria;
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which contain so many curious sketches of Rondelet's botanical
expeditions�察 �and who inherited his botanical ��as Joubert his biographer
inherited his anatomical�� manuscripts。 The Magnolia memorates the
Magnols�察 �the Sarracenia�察 �Sarrasin of Lyons�察 �the Bauhinia�察 �Jean Bauhin�察�
the Fuchsia�察 �Bauhin's earlier German master�察 �Leonard Fuchs�察 �and the
Clusiathe received name of that terrible ;Matapalo; or ;Scotch attorney�察─�
of the West Indies�察�which kills the hugest tree�察�to bee as huge a tree
itself immortalises the great Clusius�察 �Charles de l'Escluse�察 �citizen of
Arras�察 �who�察 �after studying civil law at Louvain�察 �philosophy at Marburg�察�
and theology at Wittemberg under Melancthon�察 �came to Montpellier in
1551�察�to live in Rondelet's own house�察�and bee the greatest botanist of
his age。
These were Rondelet's palmy days。 He had got a theatre of anatomy
built at Montpellier�察 �where he himself dissected publicly。 He had�察 �says
tradition�察�a little botanic garden�察�such as were springing up then in several
universities�察 �specially in Italy。 He had a villa outside the city�察 �whose
tower�察�near the modern railway station�察�still bears the name of the ;Mas de
Rondelet。; There�察�too�察�may be seen the remnants of the great tanks�察�fed
with water brought through earthen pipes from the Fountain of Albe�察�
wherein he kept the fish whose habits he observed。 Professor Planchon
thinks that he had salt´water tanks likewise�察�and thus he may have been
the father of all ;Aquariums。; He had a large and handsome house in the
city itself�察 �a large practice as physician in the country round�察 �money
flowed in fast to him�察�and flowed out fast likewise。 He spent much upon
building�察�pulling down�察�rebuilding�察�and sent the bills in seemingly to his
wife and to his guardian angel Catharine。 He himself had never a penny
in his purse�此 �but earned the money�察 �and let his ladies spend it�察 �an
equitable and pleasant division of labour which most married men would
do well to imitate。 A generous�察�affectionate�察�careless little man�察�he gave
away�察 �says his pupil and biographer�察 �Joubert�察 �his valuable specimens to
any savant who begged for them�察�or left them about to be stolen by visitors�察�
who�察 �like too many collectors in all ages�察 �possessed light fingers and
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lighter consciences。 So pacific was he meanwhile�察 �and so brave withal
that even in the fearful years of ;The Troubles�察─ �he would never carry
sword�察�nor even tuck or dagger�此 �but went about on the most lonesome
journeys as one who wore a charmed life�察�secure in God and in his calling�察�
which was to heal�察�and not to kill。
These were the golden years of Rondelet's life�察�but trouble was ing
on him�察�and a stormy sunset after a brilliant day。 He lost his sister´in´law�察�
to whom he owed all his fortunes�察�and who had watched ever since over
him and his wife like a mother�察�then he lost his wife herself under most
painful circumstances�察�then his best´ beloved daughter。 Then he married
again�察�and lost the son who was born to him�察�and then came�察�as to many of
the best in those days�察�even sorer trials�察�trials of the conscience�察�trials of
faith。
For in the meantime Rondelet had bee a Protestant�察�like many of
the wisest men round him�察 �like�察 �so it would seem from the event�察 �the
majority of the university and the burghers of Montpellier。 It is not to be
wondered at。 Montpellier was a sort of halfway resting´ place for
Protestant preachers�察 �whether fugitive or not�察 �who were passing from
Basle�察�Geneva�察�or Lyons�察�to Marguerite of Navarre's little Protestant court
at Pan or at Nerac�察�where all wise and good men�察�and now and then some
foolish and fanatical ones�察�found shelter and hospitality。 Thither Calvin
himself had been�察 �passing probably through Montpellier and leavingas
such a man was sure to leave the mark of his foot behind him。 At
Lyons�察�no great distance up the Rhone�察�Marguerite had helped to establish
an organised Protestant munity�察 �and when in 1536 she herself had
passed through Montpellier�察 �to visit her brother at Valence�察 �and
Montmorency's camp at Avignon�察�she took with her doubtless Protestant
chaplains of her own�察 �who spoke wise wordsit may be that she spoke
wise words herselfto the ardent and inquiring students of Montpellier。
Moreover�察�Rondelet and his disciples had been for years past in constant
munication with the Protestant savants of Switzerland and Germany�察�
among whom the knowledge of nature was progressing as it never had
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progressed before。 Forit is a fact always to be rememberedit was only
in the free air of Protestant countries the natural sciences could grow and
thrive。 They sprung up�察 �indeed�察 �in Italy after the restoration of Greek
literature in the fifteenth century�察�but they withered there again only too
soon under the blighting upas shade of superstition。 Transplanted to the
free air of Switzerland�察�of Germany�察�of Britain�察�and of Montpellier�察�then
half Protestant�察�they developed rapidly and surely�察�simply because the air
was free�察�to be checked again in France by the return of superstition with
despotism super´added�察�until the eve of the great French Revolution。
So Rondelet had been for some years Protestant。 He had hidden in
his house for a long while a monk who had left his monastery。 He had
himself written theological treatises�此 �but when his Bishop Pellicier was
imprisoned on a charge of heresy�察 �Rondelet burnt his manuscripts�察 �and
k
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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