嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及29何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
;Buchanan�察 �like other liars�察 �who�察 �by the repetition of falsehoods are
induced to consider the fiction as truth�察 �had so often dwelt with
placency on the forgeries of his Detections�察 �and the figments of his
History�察 �that he at length regarded his fictions and his forgeries as most
authentic facts。;
At all events his fictions and his forgeries had not paid him in that coin
which base men generally consider the only coin worth having�察 �namely�察�
the good things of this life。 He left nothing behind himif at least Dr。
Irving has rightly construed the ;Testament Dative; which he gives in his
appendixsave arrears to the sum of 100 pounds of his Crossraguel
pension。 We may believe as we choose the story in Mackenzie's ;Scotch
Writers; that when he felt himself dying�察�he asked his servant Young about
the state of his funds�察 �and finding he had not enough to bury himself
withal�察�ordered what he had to be given to the poor�察�and said that if they
did not choose to bury him they might let him lie where he was�察�or cast
him in a ditch�察�the matter was very little to him。 He was buried�察�it seems�察�
at the expense of the city of Edinburgh�察�in the Greyfriars' Churchyardone
says in a plain turf graveamong the marble monuments which covered
the bones of worse or meaner men�察�and whether or not the ;Throughstone;
which�察 �sunk under the ground in the Greyfriars�察─�was raised and cleaned
by the Council of Edinburgh in 1701�察�was really George Buchanan's�察�the
reigning powers troubled themselves little for several generations where
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he lay。
For Buchanan's politics were too advanced for his age。 Not only
Catholic Scotsmen�察�like Blackwood�察�Winzet�察�and Ninian�察�but Protestants�察�
like Sir Thomas Craig and Sir John Wemyss�察�could not stomach the ;De
Jure Regni。; They may have had some reason on their side。 In the then
anarchic state of Scotland�察�organisation and unity under a mon head
may have been more important than the assertion of popular rights。 Be
that as it may�察�in 1584�察�only two years after his death�察�the Scots Parliament
condemned his Dialogue and History as untrue�察 �and manded all
possessors of copies to deliver them up�察�that they might be purged of ;the
offensive and extraordinary matters; which they contained。 The ;De Jure
Regni; was again prohibited in Scotland�察�in 1664�察�even in manuscript�察�and
in 1683�察�the whole of Buchanan's political works had the honour of being
burned by the University of Oxford�察 �in pany with those of Milton�察�
Languet�察 �and others�察 �as ;pernicious books�察 �and damnable doctrines�察�
destructive to the sacred persons of Princes�察 �their state and government�察�
and of all human society。; And thus the seed which Buchanan had sown�察�
and Milton had wateredfor the allegation that Milton borrowed from
Buchanan is probably true�察�and equally honourable to bothlay trampled
into the earth�察 �and seemingly lifeless�察 �till it tillered out�察 �and blossomed�察�
and bore fruit to a good purpose�察�in the Revolution of 1688。
To Buchanan's clear head and stout heart�察�Scotland owes�察�as England
owes likewise�察�much of her modern liberty。 But Scotland's debt to him�察�it
seems to me�察�is even greater on the count of morality�察�public and private。
What the morality of the Scotch upper classes was like�察 �in Buchanan's
early days�察 �is too notorious�察 �and there remains proof enoughin the
writings�察 �for instance�察 �of Sir David Lindsaythat the morality of the
populace�察�which looked up to the nobles as its example and its guide�察�was
not a whit better。 As anarchy increased�察 �immorality was likely to
increase likewise�察�and Scotland was in serious danger of falling into such a
state as that into which Poland fell�察�to its ruin�察�within a hundred and fifty
years after�察 �in which the savagery of feudalism�察 �without its order or its
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chivalry�察 �would be varnished over by a thin coating of French
;civilisation�察─ �and�察 �as in the case of Bothwell�察 �the vices of the court of
Paris should be added to those of the Northern freebooter。 To deliver
Scotland from that ruin�察�it was needed that she should be united into one
people�察�strong�察�not in mere political�察�but in moral ideas�察�strong by the clear
sense of right and wrong�察 �by the belief in the government and the
judgments of a living God。 And the tone which Buchanan�察 �like Knox�察�
adopted concerning the great crimes of their day�察 �helped notably that
national salvation。 It gathered together�察 �organised�察 �strengthened�察 �the
scattered and wavering elements of public morality。 It assured the hearts
of all men who loved the right and hated the wrong�察�and taught a whole
nation to call acts by their just names�察�whoever might be the doers of them。
It appealed to the mon conscience of men。 It proclaimed a universal
and God´given morality�察�a bar at which all�察�from the lowest to the highest�察�
must alike be judged。
The tone was stern�此 �but there was need of sternness。 Moral life
and death were in the balance。 If the Scots people were to be told that
the crimes which roused their indignation were excusable�察 �or beyond
punishment�察�or to be hushed up and slipped over in any way�察�there was an
end of morality among them。 Every man�察�from the greatest to the least�察�
would go and do likewise�察�according to his powers of evil。 That method
was being tried in France�察�and in Spain likewise�察�during those very years。
Notorious crimes were hushed up under pretence of loyalty�察 �excused as
political necessities�察�smiled away as natural and pardonable weaknesses。
The result was the utter demoralisation�察�both of France and Spain。 Knox
and Buchanan�察�the one from the standpoint of an old Hebrew prophet�察�the
other rather from that of a Juvenal or a Tacitus�察�tried the other method�察�and
called acts by their just names�察�appealing alike to conscience and to God。
The result was virtue and piety�察 �and that manly independence of soul
which is thought patible with hearty loyalty�察 �in a country labouring
under heavy disadvantages�察 �long divided almost into two hostile camps�察�
two rival races。
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And the good influence was soon manifest�察 �not only in those who
sided with Buchanan and his friends�察�but in those who most opposed them。
The Roman Catholic preachers�察 �who at first asserted Mary's right to
impurity while they allowed her guilt�察 �grew silent for shame�察 �and set
themselves to assert her entire innocence�察 �while the Scots who have
followed their example have�察�to their honour�察�taken up the same ground。
They have fought Buchanan on the ground of fact�察�not on the ground of
morality�此 �they have allegedas they had a fair right to dothe
probability of intrigue and forgery in an age so profligate�此 �the
improbability that a Queen so gifted by nature and by fortune�察 �and
confessedly for a long while so strong and so spotless�察�should as it were by
a sudden insanity have proved so untrue to herself。 Their noblest and
purest sympathies have been enlistedand who can blame them��in
loyalty to a Queen�察�chivalry to a woman�察�pity for the unfortunate andas
they conceivedthe innocent�察�but whether they have been right or wrong
in their view of facts�察�the Scotch partisans of Mary have alwaysas far as I
know been right in their view of morals�察 �they have never deigned to
admit Mary's guilt�察�and then to palliate it by those sentimental�察�or rather
sensual�察 �theories of human nature�察 �too mon in a certain school of
French literature�察�too mon�察�alas� �in a certain school of modern English
novels。 They have not said�察 �She did it�察 �but after all�察 �was the deed so
very inexcusable�拭─ �They have said�察 �The deed was inexcusable�此 �but
she did not do it。; And so the Scotch admirers of Mary�察 �who have
numbered among them many a pure and noble�察�as well as many a gifted
spirit�察�have kept at least themselves unstained�察�and have shown�察�whether
consciously or not�察�that they too share in that sturdy Scotch moral sense
which has been so much strengthenedas I believe by the plain speech of
good old George Buchanan。
Footnotes�此�
��1�� This lecture was delivered in America in 1874。
��2�� Black�察 �translator of Mallett's ;Northern Antiquities�察─�
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Supplementary Chapter I。�察�and Rafn's ;Antiquitates Americanae。;
��3�� On the Fiftieth Birthday of Agassiz。
��4�� This lecture was given in America in 1874。
��5�� This lecture was given in America in 1874。
��6�� This lecture and the two preceding ones�察�being published after
the author's death�察�have not had the benefit of his corrections。
��7�� A Life of Rondelet�察�by his pupil Laurent Joubert�察�is to be found
appended to his works�察�and with an account of his illness and death�察�by his
cousin�察�Claude Formy�察�which is well worth the perusal of any man�察�wise or
foolish。 Many interesting details beside�察 �I owe to the courtesy of
Professor Planchon�察�of Montpellier�察�author of a discourse on ;Rondelet et
vies Disciples�察─�which appeared�察�with a learned and curious Appendix�察�in
the ;Montpellier
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