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伊屈窮徨慕 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及29何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



;Buchanan�察       �like  other    liars�察 �who�察   �by   the  repetition    of   falsehoods     are 

induced      to   consider     the   fiction    as  truth�察  �had    so   often    dwelt    with 

placency  on   the   forgeries   of   his   Detections�察  �and   the   figments   of   his 

History�察 �that he   at length   regarded his   fictions   and his   forgeries   as   most 

authentic facts。; 

     At all events his fictions and his forgeries had not paid him in that coin 

which   base   men   generally  consider the  only  coin   worth   having�察  �namely�察�

the good   things of this life。         He  left nothing behind   himif  at   least   Dr。 

Irving has rightly construed the ;Testament Dative; which he gives in his 

appendixsave        arrears    to  the   sum    of  100    pounds     of  his   Crossraguel 

pension。      We may believe as we choose the story in Mackenzie's ;Scotch 

Writers; that when he felt himself dying�察�he asked his servant Young about 

the   state   of   his   funds�察  �and   finding   he   had   not   enough   to   bury   himself 

withal�察�ordered what he had to be given to the poor�察�and said that if they 

did not choose to bury him they might let him lie where he was�察�or cast 

him in a ditch�察�the matter was very little to him。              He was buried�察�it seems�察�

at the expense of the city of Edinburgh�察�in the Greyfriars' Churchyardone 

says in a plain turf graveamong the marble monuments which covered 

the bones of worse or meaner men�察�and whether or not the ;Throughstone; 

which�察 �sunk under the ground in the Greyfriars�察─�was raised and cleaned 

by the Council of Edinburgh in 1701�察�was really George Buchanan's�察�the 

reigning   powers   troubled   themselves   little   for   several   generations   where 



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he lay。 

     For   Buchanan's   politics   were   too   advanced   for   his   age。       Not   only 

Catholic Scotsmen�察�like Blackwood�察�Winzet�察�and Ninian�察�but Protestants�察�

like Sir Thomas Craig and Sir John Wemyss�察�could not stomach the ;De 

Jure Regni。;       They may have had some reason on their side。                 In the then 

anarchic state of Scotland�察�organisation and unity under a mon head 

may have been more important than the assertion of popular rights。                        Be 

that as it may�察�in 1584�察�only two years after his death�察�the Scots Parliament 

condemned        his   Dialogue     and   History    as   untrue�察  �and    manded        all 

possessors of copies to deliver them up�察�that they might be purged of ;the 

offensive and extraordinary matters; which they contained。                   The ;De Jure 

Regni; was again prohibited in Scotland�察�in 1664�察�even in manuscript�察�and 

in 1683�察�the whole of Buchanan's political works had the honour of being 

burned   by   the   University   of   Oxford�察  �in   pany   with   those   of   Milton�察�

Languet�察     �and    others�察  �as   ;pernicious     books�察   �and   damnable       doctrines�察�

destructive   to   the sacred   persons   of   Princes�察  �their   state   and   government�察�

and of all human society。;          And thus the seed which Buchanan had sown�察�

and   Milton   had   wateredfor   the   allegation   that   Milton   borrowed   from 

Buchanan is probably true�察�and equally honourable to bothlay trampled 

into   the   earth�察  �and   seemingly   lifeless�察  �till   it   tillered   out�察  �and   blossomed�察�

and bore fruit to a good purpose�察�in the Revolution of 1688。 

     To Buchanan's clear head and stout heart�察�Scotland owes�察�as England 

owes likewise�察�much of her modern liberty。               But Scotland's debt to him�察�it 

seems to me�察�is even greater on the count of morality�察�public and private。 

What   the   morality   of   the   Scotch   upper   classes   was   like�察  �in   Buchanan's 

early    days�察  �is  too   notorious�察   �and    there   remains    proof    enoughin     the 

writings�察    �for  instance�察   �of  Sir  David     Lindsaythat     the   morality    of  the 

populace�察�which looked up to the nobles as its example and its guide�察�was 

not    a  whit    better。   As     anarchy    increased�察    �immorality      was   likely   to 

increase likewise�察�and Scotland was in serious danger of falling into such a 

state as that into which Poland fell�察�to its ruin�察�within a hundred and fifty 

years   after�察  �in   which   the   savagery   of   feudalism�察  �without   its   order   or   its 



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chivalry�察     �would     be    varnished      over    by    a   thin   coating     of   French 

;civilisation�察─  �and�察  �as   in   the   case   of   Bothwell�察  �the   vices   of   the   court   of 

Paris   should   be   added   to   those   of   the   Northern   freebooter。   To   deliver 

Scotland from that ruin�察�it was needed that she should be united into one 

people�察�strong�察�not in mere political�察�but in moral ideas�察�strong by the clear 

sense     of   right   and   wrong�察    �by   the  belief    in  the   government       and   the 

judgments   of   a living   God。       And   the  tone   which   Buchanan�察  �like   Knox�察�

adopted   concerning   the   great        crimes   of   their   day�察  �helped    notably   that 

national     salvation。     It   gathered     together�察   �organised�察    �strengthened�察     �the 

scattered and wavering elements of public morality。                   It assured the hearts 

of all men who loved the right and hated the wrong�察�and taught a whole 

nation to call acts by their just names�察�whoever might be the doers of them。 

It appealed to the mon conscience of men。                    It proclaimed a universal 

and God´given morality�察�a bar at which all�察�from the lowest to the highest�察�

must alike be judged。 

     The   tone   was   stern�此     �but   there   was   need   of   sternness。    Moral   life 

and death were in the balance。              If the Scots people were to be told that 

the    crimes    which    roused     their  indignation     were    excusable�察    �or  beyond 

punishment�察�or to be hushed up and slipped over in any way�察�there was an 

end of morality among them。               Every man�察�from the greatest to the least�察�

would go and do likewise�察�according to his powers of evil。                     That method 

was being tried in France�察�and in Spain likewise�察�during those very years。 

Notorious   crimes   were   hushed   up   under   pretence   of   loyalty�察  �excused   as 

political necessities�察�smiled away as natural and pardonable  weaknesses。 

The result was the utter demoralisation�察�both of France and Spain。                       Knox 

and Buchanan�察�the one from the standpoint of an old Hebrew prophet�察�the 

other rather from that of a Juvenal or a Tacitus�察�tried the other method�察�and 

called acts by their just names�察�appealing alike to conscience and to God。 

The   result   was   virtue   and   piety�察  �and   that   manly   independence   of   soul 

which   is   thought   patible   with   hearty   loyalty�察  �in   a   country   labouring 

under   heavy  disadvantages�察  �long   divided   almost   into   two   hostile   camps�察�

two rival races。 



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     And   the   good   influence   was   soon   manifest�察  �not   only   in   those   who 

sided with Buchanan and his friends�察�but in those who most opposed them。 

The     Roman      Catholic    preachers�察    �who    at  first  asserted    Mary's    right   to 

impurity   while   they   allowed   her   guilt�察  �grew   silent   for   shame�察  �and   set 

themselves       to  assert   her   entire   innocence�察    �while    the   Scots   who     have 

followed their example have�察�to their honour�察�taken up the same ground。 

They have fought Buchanan on the ground of fact�察�not on the ground of 

morality�此        �they    have    allegedas      they   had    a  fair   right   to  dothe 

probability      of   intrigue    and    forgery    in   an   age   so   profligate�此       �the 

improbability       that   a  Queen     so   gifted   by   nature    and   by   fortune�察   �and 

confessedly for a long while so strong and so spotless�察�should as it were by 

a   sudden   insanity   have   proved   so   untrue   to   herself。     Their   noblest   and 

purest     sympathies      have    been   enlistedand      who    can   blame     them��in 

loyalty to a Queen�察�chivalry to a woman�察�pity for the unfortunate andas 

they conceivedthe innocent�察�but whether they have been right or wrong 

in their view of facts�察�the Scotch partisans of Mary have alwaysas far as I 

know   been   right   in   their   view   of   morals�察  �they   have   never   deigned   to 

admit Mary's guilt�察�and then to palliate it by those sentimental�察�or rather 

sensual�察  �theories   of   human   nature�察  �too   mon   in   a   certain   school   of 

French literature�察�too mon�察�alas� �in a certain school of modern English 

novels。      They  have   not   said�察   �She did   it�察  �but   after   all�察  �was the   deed   so 

very inexcusable�拭─         �They have said�察 �The deed was inexcusable�此                    �but 

she   did   not   do   it。;  And     so   the   Scotch   admirers   of   Mary�察  �who       have 

numbered among them many a pure and noble�察�as well as many a gifted 

spirit�察�have kept at least themselves unstained�察�and have shown�察�whether 

consciously or not�察�that they too share in that sturdy Scotch moral sense 

which has been so much strengthenedas I believe by the plain speech of 

good old George Buchanan。 



     Footnotes�此�

     ��1��     This lecture was delivered in America in 1874。 

     ��2��        Black�察      �translator     of    Mallett's      ;Northern       Antiquities�察─�



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Supplementary Chapter I。�察�and Rafn's ;Antiquitates Americanae。; 

     ��3��    On the Fiftieth Birthday of Agassiz。 

     ��4��    This lecture was given in America in 1874。 

     ��5��    This lecture was given in America in 1874。 

     ��6��     This lecture and the two preceding ones�察�being published after 

the author's death�察�have not had the benefit of his corrections。 

     ��7��    A Life of Rondelet�察�by his pupil Laurent Joubert�察�is to be found 

appended to his works�察�and with an account of his illness and death�察�by his 

cousin�察�Claude Formy�察�which is well worth the perusal of any man�察�wise or 

foolish。     Many      interesting   details   beside�察   �I  owe   to   the  courtesy    of 

Professor Planchon�察�of Montpellier�察�author of a discourse on ;Rondelet et 

vies Disciples�察─�which appeared�察�with a learned and curious Appendix�察�in 

the ;Montpellier 
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