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historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及2何蛍

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                                    Historical Lectures and Essays 



that we and these old Norsemen are men of the same blood。 

     If   anything   more   important   than   is   told   by   Professor   Rafn   and   Mr。 

Black   ��2��   be   now   known   to   the   antiquarians   of   Massachusetts�察  �let   me 

entreat them to pardon my ignorance。                But let me record my opinion that�察�

though somewhat too much may have been made in past years of certain 

rock´inscriptions�察�and so forth�察�on this side of the Atlantic�察�there can be no 

reasonable doubt that our own race landed and tried to settle on the shore 

of   New   England   six   hundred   years   before   their   kinsmen�察  �and�察  �in   many 

cases�察    �their   actual    descendants�察      �the   august    Pilgrim     Fathers     of   the 

seventeenth   century。        And   so�察  �as   I   said�察  �a   Scandinavian   dynasty   might 

have   been   seated   now   upon   the   throne   of   Mexico。        And   how   was   that 

strange   chance   lost�拭     �First�察  �of   course�察  �by   the   length   and   danger   of   the 

coasting voyage。         It was one thing to have�察�like Columbus and Vespucci�察�

Cortes     and    Pizarro�察   �the   Azores     as  a   halfway     port�察  �another    to   have 

Greenland�察  �or   even   Iceland。        It   was   one   thing   to   run   south´west   upon 

Columbus's track�察�across the Mar de Damas�察�the Ladies' Sea�察�which hardly 

knows a storm�察�with the blazing blue above�察�the blazing blue below�察�in an 

ever´warming         climate�察   �where    every    breath   is  life  and   joy�察  �another    to 

struggle against the fogs and icebergs�察�the rocks and currents of the dreary 

North Atlantic。        No wonder�察�then�察�that the knowledge of Markland�察�and 

Vinland�察     �and   Whiteman's       Land    died   away     in  a  few    generations�察    �and 

became but fireside sagas for the winter nights。 

     But there were other causes�察�more honourable to the dogged energy of 

the Norse。       They were in those very years conquering and settling nearer 

home      as   no   other    peopleunless�察     �perhaps�察    �the   old   Ionian     Greeks 

conquered and settled。 

     Greenland�察�we have seen�察�they heldthe western side at leastand held 

it long and well enough to afford�察�it is said�察�2��600 pounds of walrus' teeth 

as   yearly   tithe   to   the   Pope�察  �besides   Peter's   pence�察  �and   to   build   many   a 

convent�察�and church�察�and cathedral�察�with farms and homesteads round�察�for 

one   saga   speaks   of   Greenland   as   producing   wheat   of   the   finest   quality。 

All is ruined now�察�perhaps by gradual change of climate。 



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     But they  had   richer fields of   enterprise than   Greenland�察  �Iceland�察  �and 

the    Faroes。     Their     boldest    outlaws     at  that   very    timewhether       from 

Norway�察  �Sweden�察  �Denmark�察  �or   Britainwere   forming   the   imperial   life´ 

guard     of   the   Byzantine      Emperor�察     �as  the   once    famous     Varangers      of 

Constantinople�察�and that splendid epoch of their race was just dawning�察�of 

which my lamented friend�察�the late Sir Edmund Head�察�says so well in his 

preface to Viga Glum's Icelandic Saga�察 �The Sagas�察�of which this tale is 

one�察�were posed for the men who have left their mark in every corner 

of   Europe�察  �and   whose   language   and   laws   are   at   this   moment   important 

elements in the speech and institutions of England�察�America�察�and Australia。 

There      is  no   page    of  modern      history    in  which     the   influence    of   the 

Norsemen   and   their   conquests   must   not   be   taken   into   accountRussia�察�

Constantinople�察  �Greece�察  �Palestine�察  �Sicily�察  �the   coasts   of Africa�察  �Southern 

Italy�察�France�察�the Spanish Peninsula�察�England�察�Scotland�察�Ireland�察�and every 

rock and island round them�察�have been visited�察�and most of them at one 

time   or   the   other   ruled�察 �by  the   men   of   Scandinavia。      The   motto   on   the 

sword of Roger Guiscard was a proud one�此�

       Appulus et Calaber�察�Siculus mihi servit et Afer。 

       Every   island�察  �says   Sir   Edmund   Head�察  �and   trulyfor   the   name   of 

almost every island on the coast of England�察�Scotland�察�and Eastern Ireland�察�

ends in either EY or AY or OE�察�a Norse appellative�察�as is the word ;island; 

itselfis a mark of its having been�察�at some time or other�察�visited by the 

Vikings of Scandinavia。 

     Norway�察�meanwhile�察�was convulsed by war�察�and what perhaps was of 

more   immediate   consequence�察  �Svend   Fork´beard�察  �whom  we   Englishmen 

call Sweynthe renegade from that Christian Faith which had been forced 

on him by his German conqueror�察�the Emperor Otto II。with his illustrious 

son   Cnut�察  �whom   we   call   Canute�察  �were   just   calling   together   all   the   most 

daring spirits of the Baltic coasts for the subjugation of England�察�and when 

that great feat was performed�察�the Scandinavian emigration was paralysed�察�

probably�察  �for   a   time   by   the   fearful   wars   at   home。    While   the   king   of 

Sweden�察      �and   St。   Olaf   Tryggvason�察      �king   of   Norway�察    �were    setting    on 



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Denmark   during   Cnut's   pilgrimage   to   Rome�察  �and   Cnut�察  �sailing   with   a 

mighty fleet to Norway�察�was driving St。 Olaf into Russia�察�to return and fall 

in   the   fratricidal   battle   of   Stiklesteadduring�察  �strangely   enough�察  �a   total 

eclipse   of  the  sunVinland   was   like   enough   to   remain   still   uncolonised。 

After   Cnut's   short´lived   triumphking   as   he   was   of   Denmark�察  �Norway�察�

England�察  �and   half   Scotland�察  �and   what   not   of   Wendish   Folk   inside   the 

Balticthe force of the Norsemen seems to have been exhausted in their 

native lands。       Once more only�察�if I remember right�察�did ;Lochlin�察─�really 

and hopefully  send forth her ;mailed   swarm; to   conquer a  foreign  land�察�

and with a result unexpected alike by them and by their enemies。                        Had it 

been otherwise�察�we might not have been here this day。 

     Let me sketch for you once morethough you have heard it�察�doubtless�察�

many a timethe tale of that tremendous fortnight which settled the fate of 

Britain�察�and therefore of North America�察�which decidedjust in those great 

times when the decision was to be made´ ´whether we should be on a par 

with the other civilised nations of Europe�察�like them the ;heirs of all the 

ages�察─    �with    our   share    not   only    of   Roman      Christianity     and    Roman 

centralisationa   member   of   the   great   ity   of   European   nations�察  �held 

together   in   one   Christian   bond   by   the   Popebut   heirs   also   of   Roman 

civilisation�察�Roman literature�察�Roman Law�察�and therefore�察�in due time�察�of 

Greek philosophy and art。            No less a question than this�察�it seems to me�察�

hung in the balance during that fortnight of autumn�察�1066。 

     Poor old   Edward the   Confessor�察 �holy�察 �weak�察�and sad�察 �lay  in   his   new 

choir   of   Westminsterwhere   the   wicked   ceased   from   troubling�察  �and   the 

weary      were    at  rest。   The     crowned      ascetic    had   left  no   heir   behind。 

England seemed as a corpse�察�to which all the eagles might gather together�察�

and   the  South´English�察 �in   their  utter  need�察�had   chosen   for  their king   the 

ablest�察�and it may be the justest�察�man in BritainEarl Harold Godwinsson�此�

himself�察�like half   the upper classes of England then�察 �of the   all´dominant 

Norse blood�察�for his mother was a Danish princess。                   Then out of Norway�察�

with a mighty host�察�came Harold Hardraade�察�taller than all men�察�the ideal 

Viking     of   his  time。    Half´brother      of   the  now    dead    St。  Olaf�察  �severely 



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wounded when he was but fifteen�察�at Stiklestead�察�when Olaf fell�察�he had 

warred and plundered on many a coast。                He had been away to Russia to 

King      Jaroslaf�察   �he   had    been    in   the   Emperor's      Varanger      guard    at 

Constantinopleand�察�it was whispered�察�had slain a lion there with his bare 

hands�察�he had carved his name and his rades' in Runic charactersif 

you go to Venice you may see them at this day on the loins of the great 

marble lion�察�which stood in his time not in Venice but in Athens。                       And 

now�察    �king   of  Norway     and   conqueror�察    �for   the  time�察  �of  Denmark�察     �why 

should   he   not   take   England�察  �as   Sweyn   and   Canute   took   it   sixty   years 

before�察�when the flower of the English gentry perished at the fatal battle of 

Assingdune�拭        �If   he   and   his  half´barbarous      host    had   conquered�察    �the 

civilisation of Britain would have been thrown back�察�perhaps�察�for centuries。 

But it was not to be。 

     England WAS   to   be   conquered   by  the   Norman�察  �but   by  the   civilised�察�

not the barbaric�察�by the Norse who had settled�察�but four generations before�察�

in the North East of France under Rou�察�Rollo�察�Rolf the Gangerso´called�察�

they   say�察  �because   his   legs   were    so  long   that�察  �when   on   horseback�察    �he 

touched the ground and seemed to gang�察�or walk。                   He and his Norsemen 

had taken their share of France�察�and called it Normandy to this day�察�and 

meanwhile�察�with that docility and adaptability which marks so often truly 

great spirits�察�they had changed their creed�察�their language�察�their habits�察�and 

had    bee�察    �from    heathen    and   murderous      Berserkers�察    �the   most   truly 

civilised    people     of  Europe�察   �andas    was    most    natural   thenthe    most 

faithful   allies   and   servants   of   the   Pope   of   Rome。   So   greatly   had   they 

changed�察  �and   so   fast�察  �that   William  Duke   of   Normandy�察  �the   great´   great´ 

grandson   of   Rolf   the   wild   Viking�察  �was   perhaps   the   finest   gentleman�察  �as 

well   as   the   most   cultivated    sovereign�察  �and   the   greatest   statesman      and 

warrior in all Europe。 

     So Harold of Norway came with all his Vikings to Stamford Bridge by 

York�察�and took�察�by ing�察�only that which Harold of England promised 

him�察�namely�察 �forasmuch as he was taller than any other man�察�seven feet 

of English ground。; 



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     The story of that great battle�察�told with a f
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
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