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historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及22何蛍
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magic�察�the cabala�察�and so forth�察�who were reputed magicians�察�courted and
feared for awhile�察�and then�察�too often�察�died sad deaths。
Such had been�察�in the century before�察�the famous Dr。 FaustFaustus�察�
who was said to have made a pact with Satanactually one of the
inventors of printingimmortalised in Goethe's marvellous poem。
Such�察�in the first half of the sixteenth century�察�was Cornelius Agrippa
a doctor of divinity and a knight´at´arms�察�secret´service diplomatist to the
Emperor Maximilian in Austria�察 �astrologer�察 �though unwilling�察 �to his
daughter Margaret�察 �Regent of the Low Countries�察 �writer on the occult
sciences and of the famous ;De Vanitate Scientiarum�察─�and what not�拭�who
died miserably at the age of forty´ nine�察 �accused of magic by the
Dominican monks from whom he had rescued a poor girl�察�who they were
torturing on a charge of witchcraft�察�and by them hunted to death�察�nor to
death only�察�for they spread the fablesuch as you may find in Delrio the
Jesuit's ;Disquisitions on Magic; ��14��that his little pet black dog was a
familiar spirit�察�as Butler has it in ;Hudibras;�此�
Agrippa kept a Stygian pug I' the garb and habit of a dog ´ That was
his taste�察�and the cur Read to th' occult philosopher�察�And taught him subtly
to maintain All other sciences are vain。
Such also was Jerome Cardan�察�the Italian scholar and physician�察�the
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father of algebraic science ��you all recollect Cardan's rule�撮� believer in
dreams�察 �prognostics�察 �astrology�察 �who died�察 �too�察 �miserably enough�察 �in old
age。
Cardan's sad life�察�and that of Cornelius Agrippa�察�you can�察�and ought to
read for yourselves�察�in two admirable biographies�察�as amusing as they are
learned�察 �by Professor Morley�察 �of the London University。 I have not
chosen either of them as a subject for this lecture�察�because Mr。 Morley has
so exhausted what is to be known about them�察�that I could tell you nothing
which I had not stolen from him。
But what shall I say of the most famous of these menParacelsus�拭�
whose name you surely know。 He too has been immortalised in a poem
which you all ought to have read�察�one of Robert Browning's earliest and
one of his best creations。
I think we must accept as true Mr。 Browning's interpretation of
Paracelsus's character。 We must believe that he was at first an honest and
high´minded�察�as he was certainly a most gifted�察 �man�察�that he went forth
into the world�察 �with an intense sense of the worthlessness of the sham
knowledge of the pedants and quacks of the schools�察�an intense belief that
some higher and truer science might be discovered�察 �by which diseases
might be actually cured�察 �and health�察 �long life�察 �happiness�察 �all but
immortality�察 �be conferred on man�察 �an intense belief that he�察 �Paracelsus�察�
was called and chosen by God to find out that great mystery�察 �and be a
benefactor to all future ages。 That fixed idea might degeneratedid�察�alas� �
degenerateinto wild self´conceit�察�rash contempt of the ancients�察 �violent
abuse of his opponents。 But there was more than this in Paracelsus。 He
had one idea to which�察 �if he had kept true�察 �his life would have been a
happier onethe firm belief that all pure science was a revelation from
God�察 �that it was not to be obtained at second or third hand�察 �by blindly
adhering to the words of Galen or Hippocrates or Aristotle�察 �and putting
them ��as the scholastic philosophers round him did�� in the place of God�此�
but by going straight to nature at first hand�察�and listening to what Bacon
calls ;the voice of God revealed in facts。; True and noble is the passage
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with which he begins his ;Labyrinthus Medicorum�察─�one of his attacks on
the false science of his day�察�
;The first and highest book of all healing�察─�he says�察 �is called wisdom�察�
and without that book no man will carry out anything good or useful 。 。 。
And that book is God Himself。 For in Him alone who hath created all
things�察�the knowledge and principle of all things dwells 。 。 。 without Him
all is folly。 As the sun shines on us from above�察�so He must pour into us
from above all arts whatsoever。 Therefore the root of all learning and
cognition is�察�that we should seek first the kingdom of Godthe kingdom
of God in which all sciences are founded 。 。 。 If any man think that nature
is not founded on the kingdom of God�察�he knows nothing about it。 All
gifts�察─�he repeats again and again�察�confused and clumsily ��as is his wont���察�
but with a true earnestness�察 �are from God。;
The true man of science�察 �with Paracelsus�察 �is he who seeks first the
kingdom of God in facts�察�investigating nature reverently�察�patiently�察�in faith
believing that God�察�who understands His own work best�察�will make him
understand it likewise。 The false man of science is he who seeks the
kingdom of this world�察�who cares nothing about the real interpretation of
facts�此 �but is content with such an interpretation as will earn him the
good things of this worldthe red hat and gown�察 �the ambling mule�察 �the
silk clothes�察 �the partridges�察 �capons�察 �and pheasants�察 �the gold florins
chinking in his palm。 At such pretenders Paracelsus sneered�察�at last only
too fiercely�察 �not only as men whose knowledge consisted chiefly in
wearing white gloves�察 �but as rogues�察 �liars�察 �villains�察 �and every epithet
which his very racy vocabulary�察�quickened ��it is to be feared�� by wine and
laudanum�察�could suggest。 With these he contrasts the true men of science。
It is difficult for us now to understand how a man setting out in life with
such pure and noble views should descend at last ��if indeed he did descend��
to be a quack and a conjurorand die under the imputation that
Bombastes kept a devil's bird Hid in the pommel of his sword�察�
and have�察 �indeed�察 �his very name�察 �Bombast�察 �used to this day as a
synonym of loud�察 �violent�察 �and empty talk。 To understand it at all�察 �we
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must go back and think a little over these same occult sciences which were
believed in by thousands during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries。
The reverence for classic antiquity�察�you must understand�察�which sprang
up at the renaissance in the fifteenth century�察�was as indiscriminating as it
was earnest。 Men caught the trash as well as the jewels。 They put the
dreams of the Neoplatonists�察�Iamblicus�察�Porphyry�察�or Plotinus�察�or Proclus�察�
on the same level as the sound dialectic philosophy of Plato himself。
And these Neoplatonists were all�察 �more or less�察 �believers in magic
Theurgy�察�as it was calledin the power of charms and spells�察�in the occult
virtues of herbs and gems�察�in the power of adepts to evoke and mand
spirits�察 �in the significance of dreams�察 �in the influence of the stars upon
men's characters and destinies。 If the great and wise philosopher
Iamblicus believed such things�察 �why might not the men of the sixteenth
century�拭�
And so grew up again in Europe a passion for what were called the
Occult sciences。 It had always been haunting the European imagination。
Mediaeval monks had long ago transformed the poet Virgil into a great
necromancer。 And there were immense excuses for such a belief。 There
was a mass of collateral evidence that the occult sciences were true�察�which
it was impossible then to resist。 Races far more ancient�察�learned�察�civilised�察�
than any Frenchman�察�German�察�Englishman�察�or even Italian�察�in the fifteenth
century had believed in these things。 The Moors�察�the best physicians of
the Middle Ages�察�had their heads full�察�as the ;Arabian Nights; prove�察�of
enchanters�察 �genii�察 �peris�察 �and what not�拭 �The Jewish rabbis had their
Cabala�察�which sprang up in Alexandria�察�a system of philosophy founded
on the mystic meaning of the words and the actual letters of the text of
Scripture�察 �which some said was given by the angel Ragiel to Adam in
Paradise�察 �by which Adam talked with angels�察 �the sun and moon�察�
summoned spirits�察�interpreted dreams�察�healed and destroyed�察�and by that
book of Ragiel�察�as it was called�察�Solomon became the great magician and
master of all the spirits and their hoarded treasures。
So strong�察�indeed�察�was the belief in the mysteries of the Cabala�察�that
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Reuchlin�察 �the restorer of Hebrew learning in Germany�察 �and Pico di
Mirandola�察 �the greatest of Italian savants�察 �accepted them�察 �and not only
Pope Leo X。 himself�察 �but even statesmen and warriors received with
delight Reuchlin's cabalistic treatise�察 �De Verbo Mirifico�察─�on the mystic
word ;Schemhamphorash;that hidden name of God�察 �which whosoever
can pronounce aright is�察 �for the moment�察 �lord of nature and of all
daemons。
Amulets�察�too�察�and talismans�察�the faith in them was exceeding ancient。
Solomon had his seal�察�by which he manded all daemons�察�and there is a
whole literature of curious nonsense�察 �which you may read if you will�察�
about the Abraxas and other talismans of the Gnostics in Syria�察 �and
another�察 �of the secret virtues which were supposed to reside in gems�此�
especially in the old Roman and Greek gems�察 �carved into intaglios with
figures of heathen gods and goddesses。 Lapidaria�察�or list
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