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制高点-第19部分

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953; Budapest in 1956; Prague 1968。 But the answer was different in Warsaw in 1989。 Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats。 The head of the Polish munist Party called Moscow for directions。 Mikhail Gorbachev's answer was stunning: ";Do nothing; accept the oute of a free election。"; And that was really the phone call that ended the Cold War。 And of course; the great symbol of the end of the Soviet empire was the fall of the Berlin Wall。 One country after another broke free of munism …… Poland; Hungary; Czechoslovakia; Romania。 1989 was truly a miracle year。
  丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):以前,在东欧,如果有谁胆敢挑战苏联强权的话,那结果再清楚不过了,必定是坦克、红军都一起来了。1953年的柏林、1956年的布达佩斯、1968年的布拉格都是这样。但1989年华沙的这次不同了,团结工会获得了99%的席位,波兰共产党的领导人向打电话给苏联寻求指示,戈尔巴乔夫的回答令人震惊:“什么都不要做,接受自由选举的结果吧。”正是这个电话结束了长期的冷战,当然,苏维埃帝国崩溃更具代表性的事件是柏林墙的倒塌。一个接一个的国家从共产主义中解放出来—波兰,匈牙利,捷克斯洛伐克,罗马尼亚。1989年真是奇迹的一年。
  NARRATOR: Poland was free now。 Solidarity had to liberate the Polish economy。 Late one night Sachs met the Solidarity economist Jacek Kuron in a Warsaw apartment。
  旁白:波兰现在自由了,团结工会不得不解放波兰的经济。一天晚上萨克斯(Sachs)在华沙的一所公寓里会见了团结工会的经济学家杰西卡。库勒(Jacek Kuron)。
  JEFFREY SACHS: I was trying to explain how you get out of this mess that the munist system had left behind。 Every couple of minutes he would pound on the table; ";Pah; pah; pah"; …… ";Yes; yes; yes; I understand。"; And we'd gone on …… ";Pah; pah"; …… and it was very; you know。。。 it was really exciting。 We went on for a few hours like this。 I was exhausted。 The room was filled with smoke; and he said: ";Okay; clear。 Write up the plan。"; We got up。 I said: ";Well; this will be a great honor。 We'll send you something just as soon as we can。"; ";No; tomorrow morning I need the plan。"; I laughed; and he said; ";I'm absolutely serious; I need this written down now。";
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):我努力地跟他讲如何收拾共产主义体制丢下的烂摊子。每隔两分钟,他就拍一次桌子,“是,是,是”——“对,对,对,我明白”,我们一直谈,——“对,对”——这真的,真的很令人激动,我们像这样谈了好几个小时,我精疲力竭,房间里充满了烟雾,他说,“好吧,搞清楚了,写出计划吧。”我们从椅子上站起身来,我说:“这将是我很大的荣幸,我们将尽快给你一些结果。”“不,明天早上我就需要这个计划。”我笑了,他说,“我是认真的,我需要现在就开始干。”
  We wrote up a plan that night and delivered it the next morning。 They distributed it to the Solidarity members of the Parliament。
  我们当夜就写出了一份计划,第二天早上就提交上去了,他们把这份计划分发给国会中的团结工会成员。
  NARRATOR: Like Sachs; Solidarity's new finance minister; Leszek Balcerowicz; believed transition had to be rapid and massive。
  旁白:与萨克斯(Sachs)一样,团结工会的新财政部长拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz)也认为行动必须迅速和重大。
  LESZEK BALCEROWICZ; Finance Minister; Poland; 1989…1991: Just after breakthrough; there is a short period; a period of extraordinary politics。 By definition; people are ready to accept more radical solutions because they are pretty euphoric of freshly regained freedom。 One could use it only in one way; by moving forward very; very quickly。
  波兰财政部长(1989…1991)拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):在团结工会取得突破上台后,有一段非常短的非常政治时期,这段时间里,人民已经作好了接受激进解决方案的准备,因为他们正沉浸在刚刚恢复自由的喜悦之中,可以稍微地利用这一点,很快地推进一些改革。
  JOSEPH STANISLAW: Poland decided to do what Bolivia did; to introduce shock therapy; cut back on government expenditure and try and introduce a market system and see if it could work。
  约瑟夫。斯坦利斯诺(Joseph Stanislaw):波兰决定学习###的做法,实行休克疗法,削减政府开支,偿试引进市场体制,看它是否能奏效。
  NARRATOR: Prices almost doubled; and shortages didn't end。 All Balcerowicz could do was chew his nails and wait for the law of supply and demand to kick in。 But then; after a few days; farmers began to bring their produce to market。
  旁白:价格几乎涨了两倍,短缺仍然存在,布拉泽维奇所能做的只是咬着他的指甲,紧张地等待供给需求法则发挥作用。但过了几天后,农民们开始把农产品拿到市场上卖了。
  LESZEK BALCEROWICZ: I was going for a walk; and we were looking at the prices in the shops; the prices of eggs。
  拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):我出去转了一下,看了看商店里商品的价格,看了看鸡蛋的价格。
  NARRATOR: His aides told him to concentrate on the price of eggs。 If eggs appeared; if eggs got cheaper; the market would be working。 Eggs did appear。 And then the price of eggs began to fall。
  旁白:他的助手们告诉他要关注鸡蛋的价格,假如市面上有鸡蛋卖了,假如鸡蛋的价格便宜了,就说明市场在有效地运作了。市面上果然有鸡蛋卖了,然后鸡蛋的价格开始降下来了。
  LESZEK BALCEROWICZ: And I remember that very important day when the prices of eggs are falling。 This was one of the signals that the program; the stabilization program; is working。
  拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):我记得鸡蛋的价格开始下降的那天,那是非常重要的一天,这是我们的计划,稳定计划奏效了的一个信号。
   。 想看书来

Chapter 13: Poland in Transition '2:39'
第十三章: 转型中的波兰
  NARRATOR: But reforming state…owned heavy industries would prove a much bigger challenge。
  旁白:但是改革国有重工业被证明是一项更为艰巨的工作。
  LESZEK BALCEROWICZ: Once Poland became free; one of the problems I have to face was a fight about privatization。
  拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):当波兰实现了自由之后,我不得不面临的一个问题便是私有化的问题。
  DANIEL YERGIN: The big problem was the old industries inherited from the munist past; and there were wrenching problems of unemployment; of making them efficient; keeping them running。 And that's where you saw a lot of the pain。
  丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):问题在于那些从过去共产主义继承下来的老工业,存在着失业、要提高效率、使其正常运转等一系列棘手的问题,这就是那些改革最痛苦的地方。
  NARRATOR: Making overmanned state…owned industries efficient or profitable meant wide…scale layoffs for Poland's blue…collar workers。
  旁白:要使人员过剩的国有企业有效率或者赢利意味着需要大规模地裁减波兰的蓝领工人。
  JAN BIELECKI; Prime Minister; Poland; 1991: When I became the prime minister; the euphoria of transition was almost over。 We had 20;000 strikes; sometimes organized by my former colleagues from Solidarity movement。
  波兰总理(1991)简。比尔尼奇(Jan Bielecki):当我任总理时,转型的蜜月期几乎已经结束了,我们发生了2万次罢工,有时组织者就是我在团结工会运动时一起工作过的同事们。
  NARRATOR: Solidarity began to lose support as workers felt the pain of reform。
  旁白:当工人们感受到了改革的痛苦的时候,团结工会便开始失去支持了。
  JEFFREY SACHS: I was asked to go to some factories; to meet with workers to try to explain what my vision of this might be。
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffery Sachs):我被要求去参观一些工厂,去会见一些工人,努力向他们解释我对此的看法。
  FACTORY WORKER: In the beginning we were made to believe that it wouldn't take long for things to get better。
  工厂工人:一开始,我们相信很快情况就会好起来的。
  FACTORY WORKER: Sachs gave us a rosy vision for the future of our economy。
  工厂工人:萨克斯给我们描绘了一个未来经济的瑰丽景象。
  ZYGMUNT WRZODAK; Union Leader; Ursus Tractor Factory: We soon found out that the program imposed on us from the outside most harmed precisely those Poles who had contributed so much to political freedom。
  厄萨斯拖拉机厂(Ursus Tractor Factory)工会主席ZYGMUNT WRZODAK:我们很快发现,那些从外部而来的强加给我们的计划大大伤害的恰恰是那些为波兰的政治自由作出过巨大的贡献的波兰人。
  NARRATOR: But elsewhere; the market was flourishing。 Tens of thousands of small businesses sprung up; and the Polish economy began to boom。
  旁白:但在其他地区,市场得到了繁荣,成千上万的小企业异军突起,波兰经济开始走向繁荣。
  JAN BIELECKI: You suddenly had thousands of people trading the same products in front of the state…owned shop; but at a much lower price。 This is phenomenal; because it shows enormously entrepreneurial drive of the Polish people。 When you have your five minutes; take it。 When the Polish people finally got that opportunity; they took the chance。 They used the chance。
  简。比尔尼奇(Jan Bielecki):突然,你看见在国有商店门前,有成千上万的人正在交易相同的产品,但价格却比商店里低很多。这是了不起的,这表明了波兰人民巨大的创业动力。当你有五分钟时,你一定要抓住这五分钟,当波兰人最终获得了这个机会时,他们抓住了,他们很好地利用了机会。
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Chapter 15: Soviet Free Fall '4:52'
第十五章: 苏维埃的自由滑落
  Onscreen title: Moscow; Soviet Union
  字幕标题:苏联,莫斯科
  NARRATOR: In August 1991; diehard munists staged a coup。 Boris Yeltsin became the voice of democratic resistance。 The coup collapsed。
  Gorbachev survived the plot; but his prestige was destroyed; and the Soviet Union's days were numbered。
  旁白:1991年8月,顽固的共产主义分子发动了一场政变,鲍里斯。叶利钦(Boris Yeltsin)成了民主抵抗力量的代言人,政变失败了。戈尔巴乔夫躲过一劫,但声望扫地,苏联的日子不长了。
  DANIEL YERGIN: The end of December 1991; Mikhail Gorbachev went on Soviet television。 He told his viewers that the Soviet Union would within a few days cease to exist legally。 After seven decades; the Soviet Union was over; it was finished; fade to black。
  丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):1991年12月底,米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫(Mikhail Gorbachev)走上电视台,向观众宣布,几天后,苏联在法律上就不存在了,在存在了70年后,苏联走到了尽头,一切都结束了,成为了历史。
  NARRATOR: The president of Russia was Boris Yeltsin。 Unlike Gorbachev; Yeltsin wanted to move fast。 He chose the young reformer Yegor Gaidar as the man to turn Russia into a market economy。
  旁白:俄罗斯总统是鲍里斯。叶利钦(Boris Yeltsin),与戈尔巴乔夫不同,叶利钦想更快地行动。他起用了年轻的改革家尤戈。盖达(Yegor Gaidar),负责把俄罗斯带向市场经济。
  DANIEL YERGIN: For Gaidar it was a shock。 There was no money in the treasury; there was no gold; there was not even enough grain to get through the winter。 It was unclear who was even in charge of the nuclear weapons。 Gaidar later said that it was like flying in an airplane and going into the cockpit and finding no one at the controls。
  丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):盖达深受震动,国库里没有钱,也没有黄金,甚至都没有足够的粮食过冬,连核武器由谁掌管都不清楚。盖达后来说当时就像是你在坐飞机时,到驾驶舱一看却发现没有飞行员。
  YEGOR GAIDAR: It was clear to me that the country was not functioning; the economy was not working; and that if nothing were done and if everyone feared that nothing would be done; it would end in catastrophe; even a famine。
  尤戈。盖达(Yegor Gaidar):我很清楚,国家完全瘫痪了,经济停滞,如果不采取行动,如果每个人都担心无计可施,那就会大祸临头了,甚至会出现饥荒。
  NARRATOR: Gorbachev's halfway reforms had left the economy in a tailspin。 Every essential was in short supply。
  旁白:戈尔巴乔夫的改革半途而废,留下了一个烂摊子,所有的生活必需品供应都处于极端的短缺状况。
  LILIA SHEVTSOVA: We have been queuing every day to get something ……sugar; matches; salt。 The stakes really were very 
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